Nucleic Acid: The Major Functions
The nucleic acids are crucial to large biological molecules of all that is living. The nucleic acids are divided into RNA and DNA. They are the key element of the living organisms. They can be found in most of the living cells. The nucleic acids are also known to be biopolymers while the monomers are called nucleotides.
Essential functions of nucleic acids are as follows –
- Stores and transfers genetic data
- Directing the fusion of new protein based on genetic information
- DNA functions as the storage for genetic data inside the cells
- Fusion of RNA inside the cell is regulated by DNA
- All the genetic data goes through DNA to the protein synthesizers inside cells
Nucleic Acids Structure
Nucleic acids structure is classified into four categories. They are explained below –
1. Primary Structure
The main structure of the nucleic acids contains the linear sequence of the nucleotides. These nucleotides are connected to one another by the phosphodiester linkage system. The three most important constituents of nucleotides are phosphate groups, the nitrogenous base, and 5-carbon sugar.
The nitrogenous base contains purines; adenine, guanine and pyrimidines; thymine, cytosine, uracil. The 5-carbon sugar contains deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose sugar (RNA).
The purine bases create the glycosidic link between their 9’ nitrogen and the 9’ – sugar molecule (OH group). Pyrimidine bases, on the other hand, create the glycosidic bond between the 1’ nitrogen and the 9’ – deoxyribose (OH group).
The purine as well as the pyrimidine bases the phosphate group creates a link with the sugar molecule. The nucleotides create the phosphodiester bond between the 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms, which forms the nucleic acids.
An example of complementary sequence AGCT is TCGA.
2. Secondary Structure
How Enzymes Are Controlled in the Human Body?
How are enzymes controlled?
Enzymes are known to be very powerful catalysts. To control the metabolism, the following treatments are to be followed by organism:
- Controlling the amounts of an enzyme made
- Organizing the location of the enzymes in each cell/ the whole organism
- Controlling the catalytic power of the enzyme molecules after they are made
Our genes are known to ca
How Enzymes Work Exploring Structure, Classification, and Function
1. Oxidoreductases: Oxidoreductases catalyze some reactions that are related to the reduction of oxidation. Most used names are catalase, oxidase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase.
2. Transferases: Transferases catalyze relocations of groups such as phosphate, acetyl, and methyl. Most common names include polymerase, acetyltransferase, protein kinase and methylase. The last three subclasses the primary roles in the regulation of the cellular process. The polymerase is essential when it comes to the synthesis of RNA and DNA.
3. Hydrolases: Hydrolases catalyze reactions directly related to hydrolysis. Here a molecule is parted in two or more molecules by the adding water.
4. Lyases: Lyases catalyze the cleavage of C-N, C –C, C –O bonds through other ways than oxidation and hydrolysis. Most used names include aldolase and decarboxylase.
5. Isomerases : Isomerases catalyze the atomic reshuffles inside the molecule itself. Most common examples include racemase and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI).
6. Ligases: Ligases catalyze the reaction that joins two molecules, examples – RNA ligase, peptide synthase, and DNA ligase and aminoacyl-tRNA synthases.
Protein Structure A Brief Analysis
Understanding the nature of protein Structure is important for using to make medicinal drugs. What’s more, having a clear knowledge of protein structure can help us in analyzing the different structures efficiently.